Sunday 31 December 2006
Changing Years - Centuries of Royalty
Today is the last day of 2006. After a year which saw the 80th birthday
celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II, we might wonder what royal events to
look forward to in 2007. Will Prince William marry? Will another realm be
lost as Barbados decides to become a republic? What might people have been
wondering about at this point in previous centuries?; what royal occasions
did they have to look forward to in their 07s? Let's take a few hundred-year
leaps back in time.
December 31 1906. King Edward VII was going to celebrate the sixth
anniversary of his accession in a few weeks. Six short years since the end
of the Victorian era, and the longest reign in British history. Britain was
the pre-eminent superpower of the time. Its empire was the largest ever
known, governing a quarter of the human race, although a new giant was
emerging across the Atlantic and the seeds of imperial demise had already
been planted. Canada has been an internally self-governing dominion for many
decades, but in the new century Australia has joined it, and 1907 would see
the elevation to dominion status of New Zealand and Newfoundland. The
non-white empire remained intact, though, its jewel being the Indian Empire,
and it would grow further before it began its collapse midway through the
century.
The king was largely a constitutional monarch, but the hereditary House of
Lords was still almost the equal of the elected Commons, and even the king
himself was able to have a significant effect on foreign policy with his
Entente Cordial with France a few years earlier. In August 1906 he held
a meeting with the German Kaisar, Wilhelm II, hoping to ease the worsening
relations between their two countries. It didn't enjoy the same success as
the Entente.
1907 was to see the theft of so-called "Irish Crown Jewels". They were not
really crown jewels at all, but the sovereign's personal insignia as
Sovereign and a knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick, which,
in July, were discovered to be missing from their home in Dublin Castle. A
century later, their fate is still unknown.
One hundred years earlier, we were in the 46th year of the reign of George
III, who was to go on to become our longest-reigning monarch until his
granddaughter surpassed him later in the century. Europe was embroiled in
the Napoleonic Wars, and in August 1806 the thousand year-old Holy Roman
Empire had been dissolved with the abdication of Emperor Franz II (who,
however, retained imperial status as Emperor of Austria). A side-effect of
the disappearance of the empire was that King George's German possession,
the electorate of Hanover, was upgraded to a kingdom, since it was no longer
part of an empire and there was no emperor to elect. In September 1806, the
Prince of Wales (later to be George IV) visited his principality, becoming
the first Prince to do so since 1642!
1807 was to see the death of Henry Stuart, "Cardinal York", thus bringing an
end to the Royal House of Stuart over a century after it had ceased to
reign. Henry was the great-grandson of King James II, and younger brother of
the romantic Bonnie Prince Charlie. No Jacobite heir has made any claim to
the throne since Henry's death, although claims continue to be made on their
behalf by a tiny Jacobite minority.
Jacobites have always styled their claimants "King (or Queen) of England,
Scotland, France and Ireland"; but if we travel back to 1707, we'll find
that the most significant royal event of the year was the disappearance of
the separate English and Scottish crowns, united "forever after" into a new
crown of Great Britain. As in 1807, Britain was embroiled in another
European war with France as its main protagonist (the War of the Spanish
Succession). In the preceding years, following the death of Queen Anne's
last surviving child, the English Parliament had passed the Act of
Settlement, vesting the succession in James I's granddaughter, Electress
Sophia of Hanover, and her descendents. The Scots, unhappy with the existing
relationship with England, had then passed their own act, which conferred
the right to choose a successor to the Scottish crown on the Parliament of
Scotland. In all probability, this would have led to a re-separation of the
crowns, which was not acceptable to England. In 1706-07, England used
strong-arm tactics to force the Scots to the negotiating table in order to
bring about a permanent union of the kingdoms.
The union had been presaged a century earlier, in 1606, by the adoption of a
new union flag, which combined those of England and Scotland. James VI of
Scots had become James I of England three years earlier and, although he was
technically king of two separate realms, he preferred to be styled "King of
Great Britain", and had commissioned the new flag. The king wanted to go
further and fully unite the two kingdoms, but in 1607 a bill to achieve such
a union was defeated in Parliament. However, that same year saw an important
step in the development of the crown's overseas empire : the foundation of
the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia - the first permanent English
settlement in North America.
America had been discovered (or re-discovered) by Europeans in the 1490s,
and the first recorded use of the name "America" occurred a century before
the Jamestown settlement, in 1507, when it appeared on a German map. The
generally accepted origin of this name is that it comes from Amerigo
Vespucci, an Italian merchant explorer who explored the American coast after
Columbus, but there are those who believe the continent was named after a
Welsh royal customs official based in Bristol - Richard Amerik - who helped
finance John Cabot's voyages to Newfoundland, and may have been involved
with voyages of Bristol fishermen to Newfoundland before Columbus
sailed the ocean blue in 1492.
Of more immediate concern to the crown of King Henry VII during 1506 was his
own abortive marriage contract to Margaret, daughter of the Holy Roman
Emperor. The Wars of the Roses had not yet been entirely consigned to
history yet - in April 1506 Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk and chief
Yorkist claimant to the crown, was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He
would be executed seven years later.
In 1507, Henry VII, a Welshman, was reigning as the first king of his
dynasty (the Tudors). One hundred years earlier the Welsh were a thorn in
the side of Henry IV, who was also the first king of a dynasty (Lancaster).
The Scots, too, were a source of conflict. James, heir to the Scottish
throne, was captured at sea by the English in March 1406, and became King of
Scots on the death of his father just five days later. During 1407, conflict
in Wales led in October to the beginning of the siege of Aberystwyth Castle
by Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry V). It was to last nearly a year.
Conflict with Scotland dominated affairs a century earlier, too, with the
English crown of Edward I battling against the newly-proclaimed King Robert
the Bruce of Scots. Edward, who had subdued the Welsh and was to become
known as the Hammer of the Scots, was to die in 1307, initiating the
unfortunate reign of his son, Edward II. No one could have known then that
the reign would end twenty years later with Edward being deposed and
murdered on the orders of his own French wife and her lover.
Edward II's great-grandfather, King John, was on throne a century earlier
and had his own Gallic problems - he had already lost the duchy of Normandy
to King Philippe II of France, and was defending his duchy of Aquitaine
against the same foe. The two monarchs made a two-year truce in October.
John's other great dispute at the time was with the church and papacy. In
March 1206, the Pope refused to accept John's nomination for the
archbishopric of Canterbury, and in December the Pontiff persuaded the monks
of the See to elect Stephen Langton as archbishop. Langton was in France at
the time, and the monks who elected him were promptly exiled there too. In
1207, John dispatched the Archbishop of York across the Channel as well. The
conflict was to last until 1213, and included the excommunication of the
king and a Papal interdict (banning of church services) against the entire
realm of England. Magna Carta was yet to come!
Where John lost Normandy, his predecessor of a century earlier regained it.
The duchy and English crown had become personally united in 1066, when
William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England; but on his death the two
realms were divided between his two elder sons, Robert, who took Normandy,
and William II, King of England. The brothers were to be each other's heir,
but with Robert away on crusade at the time of William II's death, the third
brother, Henry, seized the English throne. Conflict ensued, until, in 1106,
Henry was able to capture and imprison Robert and reunite Normandy with
England.
In the English monarchy of a thousand years ago, 1006-07, the long royal
continental and overseas embroilment had yet to begin. The Anglo-Saxons had
arrived from Germany centuries earlier, but no English king ruled territory
abroad. The greatest threat to these islands was not from France or anywhere
south, but from the Danes, who raided British and Irish shores constantly,
and demanded regularly payments in tribute, called the Danegeld. Within a
decade, the Danish King Cnut would sit on the throne of England. Danish rule
lasted only 26 years, but a thousand years later, we can once again
anticipate the accession of a prince of the Danish royal line on the English
throne : despite their name of Mountbatten-Windsor, princes Charles and
William are, in fact, male-line descendents of the Danish royal house of
Oldenburg.
- Paul James
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