Sunday 29 October 2006
What's in a title : the changing royal style
In 1953, every independent realm of Her Majesty passed an act concerning
the royal title and style of the Queen. This was the first time that
separate acts and separate titles were adopted for the same monarch by
different realms, but the practice of formally proclaiming or enacting a
particular royal style and title dates back at least to the sixteenth
century, and the practice of using a fixed style dates back roughly to the
conquest.
The Anglo-Saxon kings of England were more lackadaisical about titles : the
substance of power was more important than the form, at least in this
regard. Documents give a bewildering variety of titles for a single king,
e.g. Athelstan was variously King of the Anglo-Saxons, King of the
English, Monarch of all Britain, sometimes he was omnipotent, sometimes
he was king by the Grace of God<, at others by the Providence of
God. The one common feature throughout the Anglo-Saxon period is that
the monarchs were kings of people rather than land, i.e. King of the
English (Rex Anglorum), not King of England (Rex Angliae). This
was common practice elsewhere in Europe too, and in Britain it survived
until 1603 in the title King of Scots.
This style continued for a while after the Norman conquest, sometimes with
the addition of "Duke of the Normans". Henry II (reigned 1154-89) brought
extra titles into the mix from his paternal inheritance, and was styled
King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Aquitainians and Count of the
Anjouvans. King John altered the style to refer to England,
Normandy etc, and also added Lord of Ireland. John went on to
lose Normandy and Anjou, but the titular claims to these territories weren't
given up until his son's reign.
The longest-lasting piece of fiction in the English royal styles was
introduced by Edward III in 1340, when he lay claim to the crown of France
by right of descent from his mother, Isabelle, daughter of Philippe IV.
Edward's new style was King of England and France and Lord of Ireland
- he dropped the ducal title of Aquitaine since it would have been merged
into the French Crown. As a result of the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360, he
dropped the French claim but was recognized as Lord of Aquitaine by
King Jean II of France. The peace with France broke down again nine years
later, and Edward resumed his French royal claim, and the title which, with
one brief exception, was to remain the English royal style until the reign
of Henry VIII.
The French title was a fiction - English kings ruled parts of France, but
never the whole country, and were never recognized as kings by most of the
French. After the disastrous reign of Henry VI, England's French possessions
consisted of nothing but Calais, and this too was lost in 1558. But the
title "King of France", along with the shield of France in the royal arms,
persisted until 1801, even while the real King of France was recognized by
England.
The one exception to this occurred, ironically, when an English king had the
most realistic chance of actually becoming King of France! After his
military successes at Agincourt and afterwards, Henry V secured recognition
as heir to the throne of France from Charles VI, although this was not
accepted by many of the French, and the war went on. From the point of this
recognition, which was given in the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, Henry styled
himself by the Grace of God King of England, Heir and Regent of France,
and Lord of Ireland. The two kings - Henry and Charles - died within two
months of each other in 1422, so that, according to the treaty, Henry VI of
England was also King of France, and resumed the pre-1420 royal style.
Henry VIII went through four different royal styles, as a result of the
English reformation, and the elevation of Ireland to the status of a kingdom
in 1542. At the beginning of his reign, he used the same style which had
first been adopted by Edward III in 1340, but in 1521 he incorporated the
Papally-granted title Defender of the Faith. Following the break with
Rome, his headship of the Church of England was also included, and he became
by the Grace of God King of England and France, Defender of the Faith,
Lord of Ireland, and of the Church of England on Earth the Supreme Head.
When Ireland was raised to a kingdom in 1542, the title became : by the
Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith,
and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth the Supreme Head.
Edward VI and Jane Grey bore Henry VIII's last style, but on her marriage to
Philip of Spain, Mary and her husband adopted a long joint style : Philip
and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England and France, Naples,
Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily,
Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of
Hapsburg, Flanders, and Tyrol. In 1556, the list of kingdoms increased
on the abdication of Philip's father, Emperor Charles V, and became King
and Queen of England, Spain, France, both Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland.
Obviously, Elizabeth I did not inherit Philip's titles, but also, although
she resumed the headship of the Church of England which Mary had
relinquished (but as Supreme Governor, not Supreme Head), she did not put
this back into the royal style. Instead, she place a vague "etc" or "&c" at
the end, producing by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France and
Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.
James VI added Scotland (not Scots) to the title after England to give the
official title until 1707 of by the Grace of God, King/Queen of England,
Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.. However,
James also issued a proclamation mandating the style King of Great
Britain, France and Ireland � even though Great Britain was not a single
kingdom at the time. It became a united kingdom in 1707, at which time both
"England" and "Scotland" disappeared from the royal style forever, to give
King/Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith,
etc.. From 1707, the king's German titles were also sometimes included (Duke
of Brunswick-L�neberg, Arch Treasurer, and Prince Elector of the Holy Roman
Empire).
A second Act of Union brought Great Britain and Ireland together in 1801 as
a single kingdom, necessitating a further change in the royal style. The
opportunity was taken to drop the meaningless claim to France, which, by
this time, had abolished the monarchy altogether. George III became by
the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King,
Defender of the Faith.
At the time of the union, George III rejected suggestions that he should
assume an imperial title, but in 1876, Queen Victoria willing accepted the
title, not in relation to Britain, but to India. Empress of India was
added to the end of the 1801 style. This was the first reference in the
royal style to Britain's vast territories outside Europe, and the first time
the royal title and style was authorised by an Act of Parliament, rather
than made by proclamation solely under the prerogative.
The second reference to overseas territories was added after Victoria's
death, when Edward VII became by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions beyond the seas
King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India. The phrase "British
dominions beyond the seas" remained the only reference to the non-Indian
territories, even after some of them became autonomous dominions equal in
status to the United Kingdom. However, the creation of the Irish Free State
was acknowledged five years after the event when the phrase United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the British dominions � was
replaced by Great Britain, Ireland and the British dominions �.
Although all of Ireland was still subject to the Crown, most of it was no
longer part of the United Kingdom. This ceased to be the case in 1949, when
the Irish Free State became the Republic of Ireland, but it took another
four years for the title to be corrected.
Indian independence led to the removal of the title Emperor of India
in 1948. At around this time, and especially when India opted to become a
republic in 1950, the question of the inappropriateness of the royal style
to current circumstances was raised. Countries such as Canada and Australia
were fully independent nations, but their names appeared nowhere in their
King's title! In addition, the negotiations surrounding India's wish to
remain in the Commonwealth after becoming a republic had led to the
agreement that the king would be recognized as "Head of the Commonwealth",
but this, too, was missing from the official title. By the time Elizabeth II
acceded to the throne in February 1952, there was general agreement on the
nature of a new royal title, but the specific title or titles had not yet
been decided upon. Consequently, her proclamation as Queen in the United
Kingdom used a style which has never had official sanction and referred to
no nation by name : Queen of this Realm and of all Her other Realms and
Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Officially, though, her style
remained the same as that of her father until final agreement on a change
was reached and implemented in 1953.
The agreed change stated that every dominion should adopt its own royal
title, but that they should all contain the common phrases "of her other
Realms and Territories" and "Head of the Commonwealth". Some dominions chose
to retain a reference to the United Kingdom in their title, as well as to
themselves; while others did not. Some of those who did so (Australia and
New Zealand) removed it in the 1970s.
Today, therefore, the Queen is unique in possessing sixteen different
titles. Three refer to the United Kingdom (UK, Canada and Grenada), and only
three retain the title Defender of the Faith (UK, Canada and New
Zealand). In the UK, she is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other
Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the
Faith, but in most realms the style is somewhat simpler, e.g. in
Australia (since 1973) it is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God
Queen of Australia and her other Realms and Territories, Head of the
Commonwealth.
It is not yet clear what will happen to the title when the crown passes to
Prince Charles. The title "Head of the Commonwealth" is not automatically
hereditary, and Prince Charles himself would like to amend the title
"Defender of the Faith" to "Defender of Faith". However, since the title is
established by statutory authority, any changes will require the consent of
the relevant parliaments.
- Paul James
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